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LED

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LED (Light Emiting Diode) termasuk jenis dioda semikonduktor yang banyak dipakai di dunia elektronika terutama digunakan sebagai indikator. Seiring perkembangan teknolgi dan kebutuhan, kini LED banyak dipakai sebagai penerangan pengganti lampu pijar dan lampu neon yang membutuhkan daya cukup besar. Alasannya, selain karena lebih awet, daya yang dibutuhkan LED jauh lebih kecil sehingga dapat menghemat penggunaan energi listrik.<br />
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Tidak seperti lampu pijar dan lampu neon, LED mempunyai kecenderungan polarisari yang mempunyai kutub positif dan negatif sehingga untuk menyalakan LED harus diberi arus maju (forward). Jika LED diberi arus terbalik (reverse) maka chip di dalam LED tidak akan mengeluarkan emisi cahaya bahkan jika tegangan sumber terlalu besar dapat menyebabkan LED tersebut rusak. Bukan hanya itu, meskipun LED diberi arus maju tetapi kalau arusnya terlalu besar, maka LED pun akan rusak. Di sinilah perlunya tahanan (resistor) untuk membatasi arus.<br />
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Setiap warna LED mempunyai karakteristik yang berbeda seperti besarnya drop tegangan dan arus yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat chip di dalam LED menghasilkan emisi cahaya. Semakin terang jenis LED (Super Bright LED) semakin besar drop tegangan dan arus yang dibutuhkan.<br />
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Karena perbedaan karakteristik inilah maka untuk membuat rangkaian seri agar setiap LED menyala normal, cukup sulit karena besarnya cahaya yang dihasilkan akan berbeda, bahkan sebagian LED dapat tidak menyala atau redup. Untuk mencegah hal seperti ini LED yang berbeda warna harus dipasang paralel dengan resistor pembatas yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan arus LED.<br />
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Berikut ini adalah spesifikasi (tegangan dan arus) yang dibutuhkan agar LED menyala dengan normal:<br />
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Tegangan LED<br />
Standar Red : 1,7 Volt<br />
Super Bright Red : 2,2 Volt<br />
Standar Green : 2,2 Volt<br />
High Intensity Blue : 3,0 - 3,5 Volt<br />
High Intensity White : 3,0 - 3,5 Volt<br />
Arus LED<br />
LED berdiameter 3 mm - 5 mm pada umumnya beroperasi 20 mA sampai 30 mA.<br />
Super Bright LED membutuhkan arus >200 mA Contoh permasalahan:<br />
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Perhatikan gambar di bawah. Jika kita mempunyai sumber tegangan DC (misalnya AKI motor) 12 Volt dan sebuah LED merah standar dengan ukuran 5 mm, maka resistor yang dibutuhkan adalah sebagai berikut:<br />
Diketahui:<br />
Tegangan Sumber (V) = 12 Volt<br />
Tegangan LED (VLED) = 1,7 Volt<br />
Arus LED (ILED) = 20 mA atau 0,02 A (1 Ampere = 1000 mA)<br />
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Menghitung Resitor (R) yang dibutuhkan:<br />
R = (V-VLED) / ILED<br />
   = (12-1,7) / 0,02<br />
   = 10,3 / 0,02<br />
   = 515 Ohm<br />
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Karena resistor dengan nilai 515 Ohm jarang ada di pasaran, alternatifnya dapat menggunakan resitor dengan nilai 560 Ohm, dengan demikian maka arus total yang mengalir dan daya yang dibutuhkan resitor tersebut adalah sebagi berikut:<br />
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Arus (I):<br />
I = (V-VLED) / R<br />
  = (12 - 1,7) / 560<br />
  = 10,3 / 560<br />
  = 0,0184 Ampere<br />
  = 18,4 mA<br />
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAobnmhgE2a5oriWQ5_LFJplxUbKsE3fQB_xSV4SGYQl0QlKX75TA735CC_Jvwe6-uIEULvMtE092sR0VKYEOg4P7fqQydG9MWtiziQwyb0G4heq8zT3qI0PzvEKh9mvaGfHVbUwjaSic/s400/Rangkaian-LED-2.gif" /><br />
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Daya (P):<br />
P = I^2 x R<br />
   = 0,0184^2 x 560<br />
   = 0,19 Watt<br />
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Di pasaran tersedia resitor 1/4 Watt. Tentu saja jika menggunakan resistor yang lebih besar dayanya akan lebih baik (awet), tetapi jangan terlalu extrim misalnya dapat menggunakan resistor 1/2 Watt dengan nilai 560 Ohm.<br />
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Bagaimana jika LED yang akan dipasang adalah jenis High Intensity White dengan ukuran 5 mm sebanyak empat buah? Berikut cara menghitung tahanan (resitor yang tepat).<br />
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh03zOfsWXn0T3g58GyQOtR7IeBnFxIiLakcvHOW8gOvYRXdaGWH_cUopgLhSOCa9grxJmAmOhidDbpdBgEg1mA2bWfINneCKJ3NtfTD02YEpAhmhsA7K_RPZLwNn9QR1-UN_m0ZRGiK04/s400/Rangkaian-LED-4.gif" /><br />
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Diketahui:<br />
Tegangan Sumber (V) = 12 Volt<br />
Tegangan LED (VLED) = 3,0 Volt<br />
Arus LED (ILED) = 200 mA atau 0,2 A (1 Ampere = 1000 mA)<br />
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Menghitung Resitor (R) yang dibutuhkan:<br />
R = (V-(2 x VLED)) / ILED<br />
   = (12-(2 x 3,0)) / 0,2<br />
   = (12-6) / 0,2<br />
   = 6 / 0,2<br />
   = 30 Ohm<br />
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Di pasaran tersedia 33 Ohm, dengan demikian arus total dan daya minimal resistor adalah sebagai berikut:<br />
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Arus (I):<br />
I = (V-(2 x VLED) / R<br />
  = (12 - (2 x 3.0)) / 33<br />
  = (12-6) / 33<br />
  = 6 / 33<br />
  = 0,182 Ampere<br />
  = 182 mA<br />
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Daya (P):<br />
P = I^2 x R<br />
   = 0,182^2 x 33<br />
   = 1,09 Watt<br />
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Jadi dapat menggunakan tahanan 1 Watt atau lebih dengan nilai 33 Ohm.</div>

LED (Light Emiting Diode) termasuk jenis dioda semikonduktor yang banyak dipakai di dunia elektronika terutama digunakan sebagai indikator....

Cara Membuat Growing Lampu LED untuk Hydroponics

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<span style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: "lora" , serif; font-size: 15px;">Halo </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 15px;">rekan tekno</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: "lora" , serif; font-size: 15px;">, Anda suka bercocok tanam di ruanganan tertutup atau di rumah kaca yang butuh sinar matahari tetapi sinarnya kurang banyak yang menerpa tanamanan akibat banyak penghalang sekitarnya, nah lampu growing led ini sebagai solusi utama pengganti sinar matahari.</span><br />
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIV29bgZ_WQOZBXGtAu4B8DE7gqno3vyHHnzdpbq-hYcgiUgGMfT6Dvycu-FRmzOT_2OSzZiE-hCnCAJvHU81AxKL9sULKhyQ1xzIyRaj5DxMQzIqnCuStcF0V7YsqppIpc1I93vGNnUg/s1600/growing-lampu-led-hydroponic.jpg" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /></div>
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<i style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 15px;">Apakah tidak panas dan bikin layu daun tanaman?</i><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: "lora" , serif; font-size: 15px;">Tentu tidak meski sinar cahayanya keunguan mirip ultraviolet tapi tidak memiliki sifat membakar, hanya mengeluarkan  sinar dengan panjang gelombang tertentu yang dibutuhkan tanaman (nanti akan dijelaskan berapa panjang gelombang cahayanya)</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: "lora" , serif; font-size: 15px;">Mungkin dengan cara pencahayaan sebelumnya perkembangan tanaman kurang bagus atau lambat, mungkin dengan grow ligh ini dapat mempecepat tanaman meskipun di dalam ruang (indoor).</span><br />
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 15px;">Manfaat dan keuntungannya</b><br />
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<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">dapat menghemat energi listrik hingga 80% sebagai bentuk green solution</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">temperatur ruang yang rendah tidak terlalu panas dan dapat dikontrol</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">lampu LED yang digunakan untuk tanaman growing led ini lebih tahan lama ketimbang menggunakan lampu bohlam biasa</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">Spektrum cahaya yang tepat untuk membantu photosynthesis</li>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 15px;">Kerugiannya</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: "lora" , serif; font-size: 15px;">Hanya ongkos produksi yang mahal di awal, karena teknologi ini masih terbilang langka jadi bahan baku pembuatannya masih tergolong tinggi, tapi tidak jadi masalah utama saya yakin jangka pendek akan balik modal dan tanaman juga cepat tumbuh tanpa rekayasa genetika.</span><br />
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 15px;">Step 1: Peralatan dan bahannya</b><br />
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<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">Alat bor</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">Solderan </li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">Kabel secukupnya</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">Pengaris besi</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">Penitik untuk mempermudah pengeboran</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">dan sedikit pengetahuan elektronika untuk memasang rangkaian seri/paralell</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">Kipas CPU (Rp 5000-1500)</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">Thermal pasta</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">Baut pengencang</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">Heatsink alumunium persegi</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">Led driver anti air 3W 670mA (Rp 30.000-45.000)</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">Transformator DC 8-14V </li>
</ul>
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<img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh992-iQLwYGNK29Re8yPHAiLKipmRp11CCFJepJGikbZRxtbrIGcUPiOQQ_e1aLwGu335OwPEUjNIN1_YqcM2cKtZKts_eqJIrYSom84Tkh5q2Jm-L_bYEi7-sWMrph5b2FHHX4BHvo0g/s320/growing-lampu-led-hydroponics-material.jpg" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="320" /></div>
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<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">LED HPL (high power LED)</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">3W Blue x4  (455nm)</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">3W Blue x4  (445nm)</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">3W Deep red x16 (660nm)</li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px;">3W Red x12 (630nm)</li>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 15px;">Step 2: Pengeboran</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: "lora" , serif; font-size: 15px;">Lubangi plat alumunium untuk dudukan lampu hpl seukurang baut kecil dengan mata bor besi ukuran 3mm</span><br />
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<img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQPykr4vKERbbE4MxVZBIUByJmxB3vla-eZATQ-jgAbsDRwAXwWR6_B5rFe1A35nSOkv_uo9P9_-vG21rThpdRuitW8eqpBbRNxp0wYrjHijwg4vuw3WIxf0d2QtBo7Op5Zlq1CDJa7B4/s320/growing-lampu-led-hydroponics-hole.jpg" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="320" /></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 15px;">Step 3: Glue the LED's to the panel</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: "lora" , serif; font-size: 15px;">Setelah dudukan heatsink star telah selesai dilubangi maka kemudian saatnya penempalan thermal heatsink agar panas led tersalurkan dengan baik ke alumunium batangan, kemudian kencangkan dengan baut.</span><br />
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 15px;">Step 4: Glue on the LED's</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: "lora" , serif; font-size: 15px;">Perhatikan baik-baik letak (+) dan (-) jangan sampai terbalik dan sulit merangkainya.</span><br />
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<img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBA_AI5uc9KrIL9cAEjXN085V3Sa3WF4oWfvLTBiVF11IquDpJlbpTb3qAK_61Z_uUv0I43IrIOVj_fgsjOw9wPB4tMUAVhjmcjmk6PfNvfAeAc_rovDjlzHuwSX_o-5UhyaKM_0fUop4/s320/growing-lampu-led-hydroponics-thermal.jpg" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="320" /></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 15px;">Step 5: Soldering</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: "lora" , serif; font-size: 15px;">Setelah led sudah terpasang dengan benar, pengaturan led sesuai posisi warna agar didapat cahaya yang tepat, maka saatnya penyambungan dengan kabel-kabel.</span><br />
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 15px;">Step 6: Pemasangan driver</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: "lora" , serif; font-size: 15px;">Nah, untuk tahap ini yaitu pemasangan modul driver led anti air dengan banyak led. Driver ini membutuhkan konsumsi lisrik antara 120V atau 220</span><br />
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 15px;">Step 7: Pemasangan kipas cooler</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: "lora" , serif; font-size: 15px;">Pemasangan kipas pendingin untuk membantu pemanasan komponen agar sirkulasi lebih baik, dengan cara ini akan memperpanjang usia peralatan. Kipas ini bukan menunjukkan bahwa LED itu panas karena LED tidak panas cahayanya seperti lampu pijar lainnya bukan hanya perangkatnya yang panas, sinarnya pun juga beregek panas.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: "lora" , serif; font-size: 15px;">Karena perangkat ini bekerja 24 jama dalam ruang tertutup sebab itulah pendingan komponen sangat diperlukan.</span><br />
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 15px;">Step 9: Finished</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2d3e50; font-family: "lora" , serif; font-size: 15px;">Cukup disini saja penjelasan pembuatan lampu grow led yang singkat ini.</span><br />
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Halo rekan tekno , Anda suka bercocok tanam di ruanganan tertutup atau di rumah kaca yang butuh sinar matahari tetapi sinarnya kurang bany...

Buat Dish Untuk Wifi

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<img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQdgRxtM3egqkj1U0zdU1FKoMjMM-lsmHnD9ZIOlRRtHId6TU5YLpIgdKqqcE40turnftYdBvKCfRrHAGBEI1rE_j30F1kopGHI72Db9yAsX6Yk9vXW684UV6cIYqUMBCwZwt6tWzVIOuR/s320/dasar+antene.JPG" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 8px;" width="320" />Gb9</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Dilatar belakangi penasaran karena ingin mengakses hotspot yang berjarak kurang lebih 1km dari rumah, meskipun sebenarnya dirumah sudah ada speedy adsl,tapi karena penasaran aku mencoba menggunakan usb wifi </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Tp-link WN 422</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> yang ada antene bawaanya,antene bawaan kulepas diganti dengan antene </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">biquad</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">,tentunya dengan menambah kabel</span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> pigtail</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> plus </span><span class="short_text" id="result_box" lang="en" style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><b><span class="hps" title="Click for alternate translations">usb</span> <span class="hps" title="Click for alternate translations">cable</span> </b><span class="hps" title="Click for alternate translations"><b>extension</b> dari kabel utp,(punyaku sepanjang 13 meter</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">) ,tinggi tiang penyangga 6meter tapi sinyal hotspot tidak terdeteksi,tambah penasaran aku, maka ku putuskan untuk mencoba menggunakan parabola ,karna tidak punya parabola maka aku  membuat sendiri parabolanya dengan diameter sekitar 100cm,dengan antene </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">biquad</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> kuletakkan dititik fokusnya</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Bahan yang dibutuhkan antara lain:</span><br />
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<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;">1 lonjor pipa aluminium daiameter sekitar 8mm( 6 meter )</li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;">kawat kassa aluminium sekitar 1 meter persegi</li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;">plat aluminium/seng secukupnya</li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;">paralon 4dim untuk bungkus usb plus antene biquad sekitar 30cm</li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;">dop tutup paralon 4 dim 2 buah</li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;">lain lainya tergantung improvisasi dari rekan rekan sekalian</li>
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Gb 1</div>
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Potong 12 bagian pipa aluminium 8mm sepanjang kurang lebih 50cm ( jari jari parabola) jadi total pipa aluminium yang digunakan 50cm x 12= 600mm( 6meter ) Gb 1.</div>
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<b> Gb 2</b></div>
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Potong plat aluminium jadi bulat dengan diameter kurang lebih 15-20cm dan bagi dengan penggaris busur jadi 12 bagian masing masing bersudut 30,kemudian bor dititik untuk rib aluminium parabola masing masing 2 titik.Gb 2</div>
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kemudian bor pipa aluminium sesuai lobang yang kita buat di diplat bundar tadi plus beberapa untuk penyangga rib parabolanya, Gb3</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit8yyNtxrX9YSVzGzift4CDuJ2zlF475lRATZX3nhCll2dOMNFtJDcnyFP8bCP5qL0f9Fpa3QOYs9f3jwb78SWssNPokbaAcRPp4D8B0ogEqMyCE5Nm3PzeF7N1ckbxbG8lkTRuDo2KBck/s1600/P2120005.JPG" style="color: red; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit8yyNtxrX9YSVzGzift4CDuJ2zlF475lRATZX3nhCll2dOMNFtJDcnyFP8bCP5qL0f9Fpa3QOYs9f3jwb78SWssNPokbaAcRPp4D8B0ogEqMyCE5Nm3PzeF7N1ckbxbG8lkTRuDo2KBck/s400/P2120005.JPG" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b> Gb 3</b></div>
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Setelah ke 12 pipa alm 8mm dibor, kemudian yang terpenting buat alat pembengkok pipa aluminium<i style="color: red;"> made in alri( aku) </i>dari papan kayu agar ke 12 pipa aluminium bengkok seragam,gambar pembengkok sederhana yang saya buat seperti Gb 4</div>
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pipe bending made in alri Gb 4</div>
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cara kerja pipe bending Gb 5</div>
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penggunaan alat ini tinggal ditekan dan dorong maju mundur sampai pipa bengkok seperti yang kita inginkan,lakukan satu persatu pada ke 12 potongan pipa Gb.5</div>
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Tahap selanjutnya ialah menggabungkan ke 12 potongan pipa dengan plat bundar aluminium dengan cara dimur baut kecil seperti pada Gb 6. setelah selesai maka tampak rib dasar dari parabola yang akan kita buat</div>
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Gb 6</div>
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frame dasar parabolic wifi</div>
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GB 7</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvwsrabpnYc1JR4zx_jDQCCrx4o-cWo8HtWUQFotSpzNT3rn68SVrGbH8ziA7YHrxgIg5FZeIf0mzW5IsxQu_0b5vreAiwMfWGB2tQgSZYV2SZhYKNjYZzpVkK8SwWuvQu_6ibh_q-n9rx/s1600/P2210018.JPG" style="clear: left; color: red; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvwsrabpnYc1JR4zx_jDQCCrx4o-cWo8HtWUQFotSpzNT3rn68SVrGbH8ziA7YHrxgIg5FZeIf0mzW5IsxQu_0b5vreAiwMfWGB2tQgSZYV2SZhYKNjYZzpVkK8SwWuvQu_6ibh_q-n9rx/s400/P2210018.JPG" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="400" /></a></div>
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                                                         Gb 8</div>
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Sebagai gambaran kasar setelah jadi kira kira seperti ,Gb 9 dibawah</div>
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Setelah kerangka parabola terbentuk tahap selanjutnya adalah memasang kawat kassa aluminium,dengan menjepit kassa dengan plat tipis aluminium yang di baut pada kerangka rib.Gb 9 kassa plus penyangga <i>biquad antene </i>plus usb wifi sudah terbungkus pvc paralon 4 dim,telah terpasang.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm1PgdWfWFWNV4ru7PUKrV_uHDuBHwkmAenqtvbTyOL3vsuD2ymX2exutAHEEVbT40KCZ-Ra_Q6SXECyInt7ignDyeRsdNe6DUlC_wqbnOgDsBHtF-NrwTiJlUQoMNHfwxEO5sNHgMsX_d/s1600/DSC08520.JPG" style="color: red; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm1PgdWfWFWNV4ru7PUKrV_uHDuBHwkmAenqtvbTyOL3vsuD2ymX2exutAHEEVbT40KCZ-Ra_Q6SXECyInt7ignDyeRsdNe6DUlC_wqbnOgDsBHtF-NrwTiJlUQoMNHfwxEO5sNHgMsX_d/s320/DSC08520.JPG" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Gb 9</b></div>
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setelah memasang kawat kassa tahap berikutnya menghitung titik fokus parabola dengan rumus f=D<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">²/16d (diameter kwadrat dibagi 16 kali kedalaman parabola)</span></div>
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Setelah titik fokus ditemukan potong pipa paralon 1/2 atau 3/4 dim ,untuk menyangga <i>biquad</i> <i>antene</i> plus <i>USB WIFI wn 422,</i>Gb 10( adalah antene biquad plus reflektor plus rp- sma conector)</div>
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Pada gambar 11 adalah pemasangan <i>biquad antene</i> plus usb pada penyangga pvc,yang siap dimasukkan ke selongsong pvc 4 dim agar tahan air dan cuaca</div>
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<b> Gb 10</b></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
Gb 11</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<ol start="11">
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Selanjutnya adalah foto setelah antene parabola jadi Gb 12</div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><div align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Untuk lain lainya silahkan teman teman berimprovisasi sendiri ya,</div>
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<b> Gb 12</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfI0ilvpCtjFDuvErh1GFKUXBNciNG7umFxLBAMnhdtH_sO8S1Yj5CTWXEsMfm8Hhdt9NqHqPvbwH7ACZQ0N3i-Z45WnQPmVuX26b9UnF7KdzV_aKNem6emZy4c-Wgf5BysZzi9vHoGWtq/s1600/P2270020.JPG" style="color: red; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfI0ilvpCtjFDuvErh1GFKUXBNciNG7umFxLBAMnhdtH_sO8S1Yj5CTWXEsMfm8Hhdt9NqHqPvbwH7ACZQ0N3i-Z45WnQPmVuX26b9UnF7KdzV_aKNem6emZy4c-Wgf5BysZzi9vHoGWtq/s320/P2270020.JPG" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
BIQUAD ANTENE PLUS REFLECTOR</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
USB WIFI AND BIQUAD ANTENE</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
TIANG PENYANGGA FOCUS</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTRVgCFP2yM9JK-jQjEMnmRUI2DvOqwumg1UgiFjYBxqZRNuZc_Z2xMjSmEjpnT0KYeNs1_I0UBNlNaKJvgSN-ROU72l-GfQwN6SfDW65YiIWK_pgw2cZNJVpdijiub5-2clxg3uA99MWn/s1600/P4070003.JPG" style="color: red; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTRVgCFP2yM9JK-jQjEMnmRUI2DvOqwumg1UgiFjYBxqZRNuZc_Z2xMjSmEjpnT0KYeNs1_I0UBNlNaKJvgSN-ROU72l-GfQwN6SfDW65YiIWK_pgw2cZNJVpdijiub5-2clxg3uA99MWn/s320/P4070003.JPG" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
CLAMP TIANG PENYANGGA</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1kQAYIF8357NICUusnM_1vBqhRDC4CSlngaomHrPOahYQ9KQPVZpsp7s4_RlUZsc_sz10A_1vAGPlNoQofazyPdLPscSnyOzVXx6We4kL6KhQqblQPimGWdoG9inhKDKZp5oD2zhfYTMS/s1600/P4070004.JPG" style="color: red; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1kQAYIF8357NICUusnM_1vBqhRDC4CSlngaomHrPOahYQ9KQPVZpsp7s4_RlUZsc_sz10A_1vAGPlNoQofazyPdLPscSnyOzVXx6We4kL6KhQqblQPimGWdoG9inhKDKZp5oD2zhfYTMS/s320/P4070004.JPG" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
INSIDE FOCUS PARABOLIC WIFI</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTPnrTnmvay5ceGFkjNanLFJo2FkefP4JNYF_SE-Xkxoo_LsTMQGXtCOdlVRxj7z09z5yZ8rzm-9Vn2b8MTe9gLRoorGJ4PfsmNcon1S9iA0sl07dNoL53QOdVRetwO_SJDNkin1kPppv_/s1600/P4070005.JPG" style="color: red; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTPnrTnmvay5ceGFkjNanLFJo2FkefP4JNYF_SE-Xkxoo_LsTMQGXtCOdlVRxj7z09z5yZ8rzm-9Vn2b8MTe9gLRoorGJ4PfsmNcon1S9iA0sl07dNoL53QOdVRetwO_SJDNkin1kPppv_/s320/P4070005.JPG" style="background: transparent; border-radius: 0px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 0px; padding: 8px; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>
Sekian dulu semoga sedikit catatan ini dapat membantu rekan rekan sekalian terima kasih dan mohon maaf ,atas segala kekurangan.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>

Gb9 Dilatar belakangi penasaran karena ingin mengakses hotspot yang berjarak kurang lebih 1km dari rumah, meskipun sebenarnya dirumah s...

Membuat Antena Parabola Dari Perlatan sederhana

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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 12.6pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Bahan</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Wajan
/ Tutup panci (lempengan konduktor yang berbentuk cekungan sempurna beraturan).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Kaleng
bekas / Alumunium foil.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Pipa
PVC 3dim dan 2 Dop nya.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">N
conector (female)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">5.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Kawat
Kuningan</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">6.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">2
Baut, mur, dan ringanya.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Alat</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Penggaris
Stainless (yang nolnya berada di paling ujung penggaris)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Solder
dengan timah</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Bor</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Isolasi
bening dan Double tape</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Keterangan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "blackadder itc";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "blackadder itc";">f </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">= frekuensi.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">λ = Panjang gelombang.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">s1</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">=
jarak antara wajan dengan pemantul(alumunium foil/kaleng).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">s2</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">=
jarak ujung pipa dengan N conector.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">p</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">=
panjang alumunium foil / kaleng.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">P.total</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">=
panjang total.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">D</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">=
kedalaman wajan (sudah diketahui)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">d1</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">=
diameter wajan (sudah diketahui)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">d2</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">=
diameter pipa/kaleng (sudah diketahui)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">c</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">=
Kecepatan Gelombang elektromagnetik</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Diketahui</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">:</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">D</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">=
…. mm</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">d1</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">=
…. mm</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">d2</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">=
…. mm</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "blackadder itc";">f</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> = …. MHz</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">c</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">=
300.000.000 m/d</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Ditanyakan?</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">:</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> A. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">λ</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">B. S1</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">C. S2</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">D. p</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">E. P.total</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Jawab!:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">A.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">panjang gelombang</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">:</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">λ</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">=</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">c/</span><span style="font-family: "blackadder itc";"> f</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">B.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Jarak
Wajan Dengan Pemantul</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">S1=d1²/16</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">×</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">D</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">C.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Jarak
Ujung pipa/kaleng dengan N conector</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">S2=</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> (λ/√1- (λ/(3,4</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">×d1/2))</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">²)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">/4</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">D.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Panjang
Pemantul</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">p=S2</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">×3</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">E.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Panjang
Total</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">P.Total=S1+p</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Macam - macam
frekuensi</span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Untuk Frekuensi Wi-Fi</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">802.11b = 2.4 GHz</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">802.11a = 5 GHz</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">802.11g = 2.4 GHz</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">802.11n = 2.4 GHz</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Untuk Frekuensi Modem</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">3G/HSDPA</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> =
1.900 Mhz</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">UMTS = </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">1700
MHz - 2100 MHz</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Evdo =</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> 1910MHz -
1930 MHz</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Untuk Frekuensi TV</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">VHF : 30 MHz – 300 MHz</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">UHF : 300 MHz – 3 GHz</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
<br />
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">jika bingung menghitungnya unduh palikasinya</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.softpedia.com/get/Science-CAD/Kalkulator-Wajanbolic.shtml" target="_blank">disini</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.softpedia.com/get/Science-CAD/Kalkulator-Wajanbolic.shtml" target="_blank">disini</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Bahan 1. Wajan / Tutup panci (lempengan konduktor yang berbentuk cekungan sempurna beraturan). 2. Kaleng bekas / Alumunium foil. ...